The collapse of the Khilafat movement was followed by a period of bitter Hindu-Muslim antagonism. The Hindus organized two anti-Muslim movements, the Shuddi movement was designed to convert Muslims to Hinduism and the Sanghattan was meant to create solidarity among Hindus in the event of communal conflict.

	Sardhanand started the Shuddi movement

In retaliation, the Muslims sponsored the Tabligh and Tanzim organizations to counter the impact of the Shuddi and the Sanhattan. In the 1920s, the frequency of communal riots was unprecedented.

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