사이드 아마드 칸 경(Sir Syed Ahmad Khan)

1817-1989

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[엠파스 사이드 아마드 칸]

	사이드 아마드 칸 경

사이드 아마드 칸 경은 교육, 정치, 종교의 개혁자였으며 19세기에 인도의 무슬림 가운데에서 "두 국가 이론(Two Nation Theory)"의 개념을 형성한 인물이다. 그는 또한 알리가르(Aligarh)의 무함마단 앨글로-오리엔탈 칼리지(Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College)의 설립자이자 알리가르 운동(Aligarh Movement)의 리더로서 인도인들에게 영국에 대해 익히 알리고자 하였다. 또 그의 열망은 자기 나라 사람들의 마음을 열어 유럽의 문학, 과학, 기술을 가르치고자 하는 것이었다.

1817년에 델리(Delhi)에서 유명한 사이드가문(family of Syed)에서 출생한 그는 종교, 문화적으로 무갈문학적이고 학자적인 전통가운데 교육받고 자라났다. 그의 형제들의 반대에도 불구하고 그는 1836년부터 영국정부의 하급관리로 일하였다. 그의 삶의 40년을 인도북부의 작은 마을들에서 보내면서 그는 저술에 집중하여 작가로서, 사상가로서의 명성을 얻게 되었다.

1857년의 혁명때에는 그는 영국통치를 지지하였으나 후에 영국의 정책과 태도를 신랄하게 비판하는 책자를 저술하였다. 이 기간중 그의 가장 중요한 저술로는 "충성스런 인도의 모함마단들(Loyal Mohammadans of India)"와 "인도폭동의 원인(Cause of Indian Revolt)"을 들 수 있다.

[Reference]

born Oct. 17, 1817, Delhi
died March 27, 1898, Aligarh, India

Sayyid also spelled Syad, or Syed, Ahmad also spelled Ahmed
Muslim educator, jurist, and author, founder of the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, and the principal motivating force behind the revival of Indian Islam in the late 19th century. His works, in Urdu, include Essays on the Life of Mohammed (1870) and commentaries on the Bible and on the Qur'an. In 1888 he was made a Knight Commander of the Star of India.

Sayyid's family, though progressive, was highly regarded by the dying Mughal dynasty. His father, who received an allowance from the Mughal administration, became something of a religious recluse; his maternal grandfather had twice served as prime minister of the Mughal emperor of his time and had also held positions of trust under the East India Company. Sayyid's brother established one of the first printing presses at Delhi and started one of the earliest newspapers in Urdu, the principal language of the Muslims of northern India.

The death of Sayyid's father left the family in financial difficulties, and after a limited education Sayyid had to work for his livelihood. Starting as a clerk with the East India Company in 1838, he qualified three years later as a subjudge and served in the judicial department at various places.

Sayyid Ahmad had a versatile personality, and his position in the judicial department left him time to be active in many fields. His career as an author (in Urdu) started at the age of 23 with religious tracts. In 1847 he brought out a noteworthy book, Athar assanadid (“Monuments of the Great”), on the antiquities of Delhi. Even more important was his pamphlet, “The Causes of the Indian Revolt.” During the Indian Mutiny of 1857 he had taken the side of the British, but in this booklet he ably and fearlessly laid bare the weaknesses and errors of the British administration that had led to dissatisfaction and a countrywide explosion. Widely read by British officials, it had considerable influence on British policy.

His interest in religion was also active and lifelong. He began a sympathetic interpretation of the Bible, wrote Essays on the Life of Mohammed (translated into English by his son), and found time to write several volumes of a modernist commentary on the Qur'an. In these works he sought to harmonize the Islamic faith with the scientific and politically progressive ideas of his time.

The supreme interest of Sayyid's life was, however, education?in its widest sense. He began by establishing schools, at Muradabad (1858) and Ghazipur (1863). A more ambitious undertaking was the foundation of the Scientific Society, which published translations of many educational texts and issued a bilingual journal?in Urdu and English.

These institutions were for the use of all citizens and were jointly operated by the Hindus and the Muslims. In the late 1860s there occurred developments that were to alter the course of his activities. In 1867 he was transferred to Benares, a city on the Ganges with great religious significance for the Hindus. At about the same time a movement started at Benares to replace Urdu, the language cultivated by the Muslims, with Hindi. This movement and the attempts to substitute Hindi for Urdu in the publications of the Scientific Society convinced Sayyid that the paths of the Hindus and the Muslims must diverge. Thus, when during a visit to England (1869?70) he prepared plans for a great educational institution, they were for “a Muslim Cambridge.” On his return he set up a committee for the purpose and also started an influential journal, Tahdhib al-Akhlaq (“Social Reform”), for the “uplift and reform of the Muslim.” A Muslim school was established at Aligarh in May 1875, and, after his retirement in 1876, Sayyid devoted himself to enlarging it into a college. In January 1877 the foundation stone of the college was laid by the Viceroy. In spite of conservative opposition to Sayyid's projects, the college made rapid progress. In 1886 Sayyid organized the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference, which met annually at different places to promote education and to provide the Muslims with a common platform. Until the founding of the Muslim League in 1906, it was the principal national centre of Indian Islam.

Sayyid advised the Muslims against joining active politics and to concentrate instead on education. Later, when some Muslims joined the Indian National Congress, he came out strongly against that organization and its objectives, which included the establishment of parliamentary democracy in India. He argued that, in a country where communal divisions were all-important and education and political organization were confined to a few classes, parliamentary democracy would work only inequitably. Muslims, generally, followed his advice and abstained from politics until several years later when they had established their own political organization.

S.M. Ikram
The Editors of the Encyclopædia Britannica

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